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-====== TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER OPERATION MANUAL ======
-===== Front Cover =====
-{{:tccom-000.png?nolink|TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER OPERATION MANUAL}}
-TRS-80®
-COLOR
-COMPUTER
-OPERATION
-MANUAL
-Catalog No. 26-3001/3002
-CUSTOM MANUFACTURED IN U.S.A. BY RADIO SHACK TC A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION
-===== Title Page =====
-TRS-80®
-COLOR COMPUTER
-OPERATION
-MANUAL
-Radio Shack®
-TC A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION
-FORT WORTH, TEXAS 76102
-===== Warning =====
-**WARNING
-Before inserting or removing a Program Pak™
-ROM Cartridge, be sure the Computer is off. Otherwise
-the Program Pak could be damaged.**
-===== The FCC Wants You To Know =====
-**THE FCC WANTS YOU TO KNOW ...
-This equipment has been cerified to comply with the
-limits for a Class B computing device, puruant to
-Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules. Only peripherals
-(computer input/output devices, terminals, printers,
-etc.) certified to comply with the Class B limits may be
-attached to this computer. Operation with
-non-certified peripherals is likely to result in
-interference to radio and TV reception.**
-===== Manual Copyright =====
-TRS-80® COLOR COMPUTER Operation Manual: © **1980 Tandy Corporation,
-Fort Worth, Texas 76102 U.S.A.  All Rights Reserved.**
-Reproduction or use, without express written permission from
-Tandy Corporation, of any portion of this manual is prohibited.
-While reasonable efforts have been taken in the preparation of this
-manual to assure its accuracy, Tandy Corporation assumes no liability
-resulting from any errors or omissions in this manual, or from the use
-of the information obtained herein.
-===== Software Copyright =====
-**COLOR COMPUTER System Software: © 1980 Tandy Corporation and Microsoft.
-All Rights Reserved.**
-The system software in the COLOR COMPUTER microcomputer is retained in
-a read-only memory (ROM) format.  All portions of this system software,
-whether in the ROM format or other source code form format, and the ROM
-circuitry, are copyrighted and are, the proprietary and trade secret
-information of Tandy Corporation and Microsoft.  Use, reproduction or
-publication of any portion of this material without the prior written
-authorization by Tandy Corporation is strictly prohibited,
-9 8 7 6 5 4 3
-===== To Our Customers =====
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}} \\
-**TO OUR CUSTOMERS** \\
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}}
-Your TRS-80" COLOR COMPUTER is an exciting tool for an infinite((fixed typo "inifinite")) variety
-of uses—home finances, education, recreation, amusement and amazement,
-to name just a few.  Twenty years ago, this capability would have cost
-hundreds of times what your TRS-80 cost, and would have taken up an
-entire room.
-In spite of its power and internal complexity, the TRS-80 can be quite
-simple to operate.  In fact, //you// can determine exactly how “technical”
-a machine you want it to be.
-**At the simplest level of operation,** you can use Radio Shack plug-in ROM
-cartridges called “Program Paks.” Each different Program Pak™
-you install makes your Computer perform a different function, whether
-it’s accounting, electronic pinball, record-keeping, or whatever.
-For Program Pak operation, this book has all the information you need
-to get started.  Further information will be contained in the program
-instruction manual itself.
-**At a slightly more involved level,** you may want to write your own
-programs.  If you are a beginner, read this operation manual, then begin
-reading the book, //[[Getting Started with TRS-80 COLOR BASIC]]//.  Of course,
-you don’t have to know programming to use your Computer, but we think
-you'll find your Computer more enjoyable and rewarding if you do.
-**If, however, you already know BASIC,** and especially if you have experience
-on another model TRS-80, read this operation manual.  Then use the //[[COLOR BASIC Quick Reference Card]]//
-to get right down to programming.
-TRS-80 COLOR has many features not found in other model TRS-80’s, as
-well as some important differences.  A few minutes spent before pressing
-**(ENTER)** could save you hours later.
-{{:tccom-footer-bar.png?nolink|}}
-===== Important Information =====
-**Important Information**
-This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy.  If it is
-not installed and used properly, that is, in strict accordance with the
-manufacturer’s instructions, it may cause interference to radio and
-television reception.  It has been type tested and found to comply with
-the proposed limits for a TV Interface Device in accordance with the
-specifications in FCC General Docket No.  79-244, which are designed to
-provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential
-installation.  However, there is no guarantee that interference will
-not occur in a particular installation.  If this equipment does cause
-interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined
-by turning the equipment off and on, you should try to correct the
-interference by one or more of the following measures:
-  * Reorient the antenna of the receiver experiencing the interference
-  * Relocate the Color Computer with respect to the receiver
-  * Move the Color Computer away from the receiver
-  * Plug the Color Computer into a different outlet so that computer and receiver experiencing the interference are on different branch circuits.
-If necessary, you should consult the dealer or an experienced
-radio/television technician for additional suggestions.  You may find the
-following booklet, prepared by the Federal Communications Commission,
-helpful:
-//[[How to Identify and Resolve Radio - TV Interference Problems]]//.
-This booklet is available from the United States Government Printing
-Office, Washington, DC 20402, Stock No.  004-000-0035-4.
-===== Contents =====
-**CONTENTS**
-[[#Welcome to TRS-80® COLOR!]]
-[[#Installation]] \\
-[[#Connection to a Television Set]] \\
-[[#Connection to a Cassette Recorder]] \\
-[[#Installation of a Plug-In ROM Cartridge (Program Pak™)]] \\
-[[#Connection of Other Accessories]] \\
-[[#Connection to an AC Power Source]]
-[[#Operation]] \\
-[[#Power-on]] \\
-[[#RESET]] \\
-[[#Power-Off]]
-[[#Using the Television]] \\
-[[#Color]] \\
-[[#Sound]]
-[[#Using the Keyboard]] \\
-[[#All-CAPS vs Upper/Lowercase]] \\
-[[#Special Keys]]
-[[#Using the Joystick Controllers]]
-[[#Using the Cassette Recorder]] \\
-[[#Saving a COLOR BASIC Program]] \\
-[[#Loading a COLOR BASIC Program]] \\
-[[#Searching for a Program]] \\
-[[#Loading Errors]]
-[[#Troubleshooting and Maintenance]] \\
-[[#Symptom/Cure Table]] \\
-[[#AC Power Sources]] \\
-[[#Maintenance]] \\
-[[#Color Adjustment Test]] \\
-[[#Video Centering Test]] \\
-[[#Sound Demonstration]]
-[[#Specifications]] \\
-[[#AC Power Supply]] \\
-[[#Microprocessor]] \\
-[[#Serial Interface]] \\
-[[#Printer Software Requirements]] \\
-[[#Cassette Interface]]
-[[#Customer Information]] \\
-[[#Service Policy]] \\
-[[#Software License]] \\
-[[#Limited Warranty]]
-[[#Index]]
-===== Welcome to TRS-80® Color! =====
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}} \\
-**WELCOME TO TRS-80® COLOR!** \\
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}}
-The Radio Shack TRS-80® COLOR COMPUTER system consists of:
-  * A 53-key console keyboard for inputting programs and data to the Computer
-  * A Television Interface that lets you connect the Computer to any color television set for full-color displays and a wide range of sounds
-  * A 6809E microprocessor with more computer power than the mammoth computers of just a few years ago
-  * Read Only Memory (ROM) containing the COLOR BASIC Language
-  * Random Access Memory (RAM) for storage of programs and data while the Computer is on (amount is expandable from "4K" to "32K", optional extra)
-  * A ROM-cartridge slot for instant loading of Radio Shack Program Paks: games, home finance, education, and more (optional/extra)
-  * Two Joystick Interfaces for extra fun and versatility in games and special applications (requires joystick controllers, optional/extra)
-  * A high-speed Cassette Interface for permanent storage of programs and data (requires a separate cassette recorder, optional/extra)
-  * A Printer Interface for printed copies of programs and data (requires a separate serial printer, optional/extra)
-==== Television Output ====
-TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER connects to the antenna terminals on your color
-television set.  The Computer will display both text and graphics.
-Nine colors are available for graphics use.  The Computer will also
-generate musical tones and special effects through your TV speaker.
-==== Keyboard ====
-The keyboard allows entry of the standard text plus several control
-characters.  The control characters keys are marked with special
-names— **(BREAK)**, **(ENTER)**, **(CLEAR)**, **(<-)**, etc.
-==== 6809E Microprocessor ====
-This is the central processing unit where all the “thinking” is done.
-In TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER, the microprocessor operates at a speed of over
-,000 cycles per second.
-==== Read Only Memory (ROM) ====
-This is where the Computer’s built-in programs are stored, including
-the TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER BASIC language.  Each time you power-on the
-Computer without a plug-in program cartridge, this built-in program
-takes charge of the microprocessor, enabling you to type in simple
-BASIC-language instructions.
-TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER contains an "8K" ROM, meaning it contains 8 * 1024 =
-characters (“bytes”) of permanently programmed memory which is
-expandable to "16K".
-==== Program Paks™ ====
-TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER includes a slot for plug-in ROM cartridges
-(Program Paks) which can greatly expand its power and usefulness.
-Normally, when a ROM cartridge is installed, the Computer is controlled
-by the plug-in program.
-**Note: Always turn the Computer OFF before inserting or removing a ROM
-cartridge.**
-==== Random Access Memory (RAM) ====
-This is where your programs and results are stored while the Computer
-is on.  It is erased when you turn the Computer off.
-TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER can be equipped with 4K to 32K of RAM (1K =
-bytes).
-==== Accessories ====
-These are devices, such as a printer or cassette recorder, you can add to
-your Computer to increase its usefulness in programming and data storage.
-TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER contains the necessary “interfaces” to simplify
-the addition of many accessories.
-==== Joystick Controllers ====
-Adding a pair of “joystick” controllers gives you yet another means
-of inputting information and controlling the Computer.  The joysticks
-include “fire when ready” buttons and two-dimensional control sticks.
-==== Cassette ====
-For long-term storage of programs and data, connect a cassette recorder
-to the Computer and save the information on tape.  TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER
-saves programs and data on tape at approximately 1500 baud, which
-is roughly 11,000 characters per minute.  Radio Shack’s CTR-80A
-(Catalog Number 26-1206) comes with the necessary connecting cable,
-and is highly recommended.
-==== Printer ====
-You may connect any Radio Shack “serial interface” printer to TRS-80
-COLOR COMPUTER.
-{{:tccom-footer-bar.png?nolink|}}
-===== Installation =====
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}} \\
-**INSTALLATION** \\
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}} \\
-Carefully unpack the Computer.  Remove all packing material and save
-it in case you ever need to transport the Computer.  Be sure to locate
-all cables and papers that may be included in the shipping carton.
-Place the Computer on a solid surface near the television set you'll
-be using.  An appropriate power source should be nearby, so that an
-extension cord will not be needed.
-Do not connect the Computer to the AC power source yet.
-==== Connection to a Television Set ====
-The Computer contains a built-in television interface which sends a VHF
-signal to your set.  The Computer also comes with an Antenna Switchbox
-that allows you to select either normal television-station reception or
-computer input without connecting and disconnecting the Computer every
-time it’s used.
-This Antenna Switchbox is comprised of a short section of twin-lead
-cable, two screw terminals, a coaxial connector, and a slide switch.
-Make the connections described later, but only connect one antenna to
-the Switchbox.
-==== Mounting the Switchbox ====
-We suggest you attach the Switchbox to the back of your TV set as shown
-in Figure 1.
-Select a smooth, flat surface on the TV set that is well within reach
-of the antenna cables.  Wipe off any dust, dirt or grease from the
-mounting surface.
-Remove the backing from the double-sided tape (one side is.
-already attached to the Switchbox) to expose the sticky surface.
-Press it against the back of your TV cabinet in the desired location.
-{{:tccom-figure-1.png?nolink|Figure 1}} \\
-**Figure 1.  Mounting Switchbox onto TV Set (Connections
-may vary, depending on your antenna installation).**
-==== Antenna Connection ====
-You need to route your television’s VHF antenna through the Antenna
-Switchbox.  If there are wires presently connected to the VHF terminals
-on your TV set, disconnect them.
-What you do next depends upon the type of antenna installation you have.
-Read the following paragraphs and study Figures 2 through 6 to decide
-which installation you have.
-**Connection to a TV with Screw Terminals and an Internal Antenna (Figure 2)**
-Connect the internal antenna leads to the terminals labeled "CONNECT
-TO ANTENNA’ on the Antenna Switchbox.  Then connect the short twin-lead
-from the Antenna Switchbox to your TV’s "VHF” screw terminals.
-**Connection to a TV with Twin-Lead and External or “Rabbit Ears”
-Antenna (Figures 3 and 4)**
-Connect the lead-in from your antenna to the terminals labeled "CONNECT
-TO ANTENNA" on the Antenna Switchbox.  Connect the short twin-lead
-from the Antenna Switchbox to your TV’s "VHF" screw terminals.
-**Connection to a TV with a 75-Ohm Coaxial Lead-In (Figure 5)**
-You will need to obtain a special 75-ohm to 300-ohm matching transformer
-such as Radio Shack’s Catalog Number 15-1140, Connect your coaxial
-cable lead-in to the transformer and connect the transformer’s twin-lead
-to the screw terminals on the Antenna Switchbox.
-Next move the slider to the “COMPUTER”((fixed typo "closed")) position.
-Connect the short twin lead from the Antenna Switchbox to your TV’s
-"VHF" screw terminals.
-**Connection to a TV with a 75-Ohm Coaxial Lead-In and
-Matching Transformer (Figure 6)**
-Connect the short twin-lead
-from the transformer to the screw terminals on the Antenna Switchbox.
-Connect the short twin-lead from the Antenna Switchbox to your TV’s
-"VHF" screw terminals.
-{{:tccom-figure-2.png?nolink|Figure 2}} \\
-**Figure 2.  Rear View of TV with Screw Terminals and Internal Antenna.**
-{{:tccom-figure-3.png?nolink|Figure 3}} \\
-**Figure 3.  Rear View of TV with Twin-Lead and an External Antenna.**
-{{:tccom-figure-4.png?nolink|Figure 4}} \\
-**Figure 4.  Rear View of TV with Twin-Lead and “Rabbit Ears” Antenna.**
-{{:tccom-figure-5.png?nolink|Figure 5}} \\
-**Figure 5.  Rear View of TV with 75-Ohm Coaxial Cable.**
-{{:tccom-figure-6.png?nolink|Figure 6}} \\
-**Figure 6.  Rear View of TV with a 75-Ohm Coaxial Cable and a Matching
-Transformer.**
-==== Other Types of Antenna Installations ====
-We have shown five typical TV antenna installations.  There are some
-other antenna types and features you may need to be aware of.
-If your TV set has a 75/300-ohm switch on the back, be sure the switch
-is set to the 300-ohm position.
-If your TV set has a round jumper cable protruding from the back, be
-sure that the jumper cable has been attached to the connector next to it.
-If your TV’s antenna system is one of these just described, there is
-no problem.  The connections between the other TV antenna termi-
-nals and the Antenna Switchbox will be as in one of the five
-illustrations.
-If you have cable TV, it may be advisable to call in a qualified service
-technician.
-==== Connection of the Computer to the Switchbox ====
-After connecting your TV’s antenna system to the Antenna Switchbox
-as explained in the preceding section, connect the Computer’s coaxial
-cable from the Computer’s TV jack to the COMPUTER jack on the Antenna.
-See Figure 7.
-Your COLOR COMPUTER is now ready for use.
-{{:tccom-figure-7.png?nolink|Figure 7}} \\
-**Figure 7.  Connection of the Computer to the Switchbox.**
-==== Connection of a Cassette Recorder ====
-The following instructions use the CTR-80A recorder (Radio Shack Catalog
-Number 26-1206) as an example.  We strongly recommend you use only this
-model with your TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER.  If you use a different recorder,
-connection and operation may vary.
-Note: You do not need to connect the Cassette Recorder unless you plan
-to record programs or to load taped programs into the TRS-80.
-A TRS-80 to Cassette Recorder connection cable is included with the
-CTR-80A; we suggest that you use this specially designed cable.
-.  Connect the short cable (DIN plug on one end and three plugs on the
-other) to the **TAPE** jack on the back of the Computer.  **Be sure you get
-the plug to mate correctly.**
-.  The three plugs on the other end of this cable are for connecting
-to the recorder.
-. A.  Connect the **black plug** into the EAR jack on the side of the recorder.
-This connection provides the output signal from the recorder to TRS-80
-(for loading Tape programs into TRS- 80).
-B.  Connect the **larger gray plug** into the AUX jack on the recorder.
-This connection provides the recording signal to record programs from
-the TRS-80 onto the tape.
-**Leave the AUX plug in whether you are recording or playing back cassette
-data.**
-C.  Connect the **smaller gray plug** into the smaller MIC jack on the
-recorder.  This allows the TRS-80 to automatically control the recorder
-motor (turn tape motion on and off for recording and playing tapes.)
-Note: Do not plug a remote microphone or a dummy plug into the larger
-MIC jack.
-==== Installation of a Plug-in ROM Cartridge (Program Pak™) ====
-It’s possible for you to expand your COLOR COMPUTER in almost any
-manner by using pre-programmed, Radio Shack ROM cartridges.
-**The Computer must always be turned OFF whenever a ROM cartridge is
-plugged-in or removed.**
-**WARNING!  Do not insert fingers or other objects into the cartridge slot.
-Doing so could damage your Computer.**
-Locate the cartridge slot on the right side of the Computer.  Care- fully
-insert the cartridge with the label side up and the open end facing into
-the slot.  The cartridge should slide smoothly into the receptacle which
-is recessed into the Computer case.
-If you have difficulty inserting the cartridge, it may be upside down.
-Remember, it only goes in one way.
-To remove a cartridge, turn OFF the Computer and gently pull out the
-cartridge.  Store it in a safe place.
-{{:tccom-figure-8.png?nolink|Figure 8}} \\
-**Figure 8.  Inserting a Plug-in Cartridge**
-==== Connection of Other Accessories ====
-**Before connecting any accessory (a serial line printer, for example),
-make sure the Computer and the accessory are both turned OFF.**
-Connect all accessories to the appropriate jacks on the rear panel of
-the Computer.  (Refer to Figure 9 for location of connection points.)
-For interconnections between Computer and accessories, refer to the
-Owner’s Manual supplied with the accessory.
-{{:tccom-figure-9.png?nolink|Figure 9}} \\
-**Figure 9, Computer Controls and Connections.**
-==== Connection to an AC Power Source ====
-**Make sure the Computer and all accessories are turned OFF.**
-The AC Power Cord exits from the rear of the Computer.  Connect it and
-all accessories to an appropriate power source.  Power require- ments
-for Radio Shack products are specified on the units and in the Owner’s
-Manual Specifications.
-{{:tccom-footer-bar.png?nolink|}}
-===== Operation =====
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}} \\
-**OPERATION** \\
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}}
-==== Power-on ====
-The following instructions explain how to start up and use
-the TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER as a ROM-based system only.  If you have a
-disk system, see the Disk System Operation Manual.
-**The Computer and all accessories must be OFF.**
-.  Turn on the television set, and adjust the volume to a normal
-listening level.
-.  Select channel 3 or 4 (whichever is either weaker or not used in
-your area).  Select the same channel on the slide-switch on the rear of
-your Computer.  (**See Figure 9, Connections and Controls.**)
-.  Set the Antenna Switchbox to the **COMPUTER** position.
-. If you are going to use a plug-in cartridge, **insert it now, before
-turning on the Computer.**
-.  Turn on any accessory equipment (e.g., a printer).((Corrected the steps in the printed book here by switching 6 and 5. to follow  later statements on the same page - plug in any cartridges, turn on accessories, turn on Computer last. Turn off Computer first, then accessories, then unplug cartridges..))
-.  Turn on the Computer.  The power-on switch is at the rear of the
-Computer case.
-If you power-up the Computer without a cartridge installed, it should
-display the start-up message (describing your version and release of
-Color BASIC) followed by:
-OK
-If you are using a plug-in cartridge, the message may vary depending
-on the program you're using.  For further details, see the Instruction
-Manual supplied with the ROM cartridge.
-If the message does not appear:
-A.  Make sure the television is turned on and is operational.
-B.  Check your set’s Brightness, Contrast, and fine tuning adjustments.
-C. If the message still doesn’t appear, then turn off the entire system,
-recheck all connections, and try again.  For further assistance, see
-**Troubleshooting and Maintenance.**
-**Do not turn any accessories on or off while the Computer is in use**—to do
-so could cause abnormal operation (the Computer could restart or “hang
-up”, requiring you to RESET or turn the system off and on again).
-==== RESET Switch ====
-To start over at the beginning of a ROM program, you do not have to
-turn the unit off and on again.  Pressing the RESET switch will have the
-same effect.  RESET is at the rear of the Computer case.
-**Note:** Resetting
-the Computer does not erase the contents of memory.  When using COLOR
-BASIC, pressing RESET will leave your BASIC program intact.
-==== Power-off ====
-Turn off the Computer, then accessories.
-**If you turn the Computer off for any reason, leave it off for at least
-seconds before turning it back on again.**  The Computer’s power
-supply needs this much time to discharge its stored energy before starting
-up again.
-Whenever you turn off the Computer, all RAM-based programs and data
-are erased.  If you have data or a program to save, do it before turning
-off the Computer.  See **Using the Cassette**.
-{{:tccom-footer-bar.png?nolink|}}
-===== Using the Television =====
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}} \\
-**USING THE TELEVISION** \\
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}}
-==== Color ====
-where the code is one of the following numbers:
-TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER is capable of generating nine distinct colors.
-These are nominally defined as: Black, Green, Yellow, Blue, Red, Buff,
-Cyan, Magenta, and Orange.  However, the actual color tones produced by
-your set, and the degree of difference between tones, will depend on the
-quality and color adjustment of your television set—not on the Computer.
-If you are using a plug-in ROM cartridge, the color will be deter-
-mined by the cartridge program.  If you are using the built-in COLOR
-BASIC language, you can choose the colors that appear on the screen.
-If you are using COLOR BASIC, the display will normally be green with
-black characters (although the lowercase mode inverts this by displaying
-green characters on a black background.  See **Using the Keyboard** later
-in this manual).
-COLOR BASIC also displays a blinking “cursor” which changes colors
-throughout the available spectrum.
-(**Note:** The following is an example of simple programming.  For further
-examples of programs which display color as well as sound, see
-**Troubleshooting and Maintenance**.  For more information on programming
-in general, refer to //[[Getting Started with TRS-80 COLOR BASIC]]//.)
-To control the background color of the television display, type in a
-“command” like this:
-  CLS code (ENTER)
-where the //code// is one of the following numbers:
-^ Code ^ For This Color ^
-| 0 | Black |
-| 1 | Green |
-| 2 | Yellow |
-| 3 | Blue |
-| 4 | Red |
-| 5 | Buff |
-| 6 | Cyan |
-| 7 | Magenta |
-| 8 | Orange |
-For example, type:
-  CLS 3 (ENTER)
-for a blue background.
-Whenever the screen is cleared (by pressing (CLEAR) ) the display
-will automatically revert to green no matter what background color was
-previously displayed.
-To help you adjust the color and alignment of your television set, we've
-included two test programs in the **Troubleshooting and Maintenance** chapter.
-==== Sound ====
-TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER BASIC will also control the sound coming
-from your television’s((fixed typo "televion")) speaker.  The sound volume can be deter- mined
-manually by the volume setting on your television and “automatically”
-by the cartridge program; the.  sound quality (pitch, timbre, and
-duration) is determined by the Computer.
-If you are using a plug-in ROM cartridge, the sound will be deter- mined
-by the cartridge program.  If you are using the built-in COLOR BASIC
-language, you can determine the sound with the SOUND command, like this:
-  SOUND pitch-code, duration (ENTER)
-//pitch-code// may be any number from one to 255, one being the lowest
-available pitch, 255, the highest.  //duration// may be any
-number from one to 255; it specifies the duration of the tone in units
-of .06 second.
-Most of the musical notes from F (below middle-C) to higher than the
-highest piano note possible may be approximated by a suitable choice
-of //pitch-code//.  For example:
-  SOUND 39, 10 (ENTER)
-produces the musical note middle-C for .6 second.
-For a demonstration of all available tones, see the test program section
-in the **Troubleshooting and Maintenance** chapter.
-{{:tccom-footer-bar.png?nolink|}}
-===== Using The Keyboard =====
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}} \\
-**USING THE KEYBOARD** \\
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}}
-The keyboard of your Computer allows you to enter all the standard
-text and many control characters.  As with ordinary typewriters, use
-to enter the upper symbol on those keys with two symbols.  For example,
-to enter a **!**, press **(SHIFT) (1)**.
-==== All-CAPS vs Upper/Lowercase ====
-Whenever you turn on the computer, you are automatically in the
-“all-capitals” (CAPS) mode, in which the keyboard will always generate
-capital letters whether or not the (SHIFT) key is pressed.
-To switch to the “upper/lowercase” mode, press **(SHIFT) (0)**.  Then the
-unshifted A-Z keys will produce lowercase letters.  In this mode, you
-must press **(SHIFT)** to get the uppercase letters.  To switch back to
-all-capitals, press **(SHIFT) (0)** again.
-TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER can only generate uppercase (capital) letters on
-the TV screen.  When a lowercase letter is output to the TV screen,
-it is displayed as a capital letter in “reverse” — i.e., the
-background is black while the letter itself is green.
-You may want to use the upper/lowercase mode when typing information
-for output to an upper/lowercase printer or to another Computer via
-serial communications.
-However, when using COLOR BASIC, you should use all-capitals, since
-COLOR BASIC cannot “understand” lowercase commands.  Some Program
-Paks also require all-capitals entry.
-==== Special Keys ====
-Certain keys have special functions with COLOR BASIC.
-^ Key ^ Function ^
-| **(<-)** |  Backspaces and erases the last character typed. |
-| **(SHIFT) (0)** | Switches back and forth between all-caps and upper/lowercase mode. |
-| **(SHIFT) (->)** | Displays a right bracket ] |
-| **(SHIFT) (v)** | Displays a left bracket [ |
-| **(SHIFT) (@)** | Program pause.  Press any key to continue. |
-| **(SHIFT) (^)** | Displays back-arrows  |
-| **(SHIFT) (<-)** | Erases the current line and starts over. |
-| **(CLEAR)** | Cancels the current line, erases the display, and positions the cursor to the upper left corner (“home”). |
-| **(ENTER)** | Enters the line.  COLOR BASIC will not interpret a line until you press (ENTER). |
-| **(BREAK)** | Interrupts the current program or operation and prepares the Computer for another keyboard command. |
-{{:tccom-footer-bar.png?nolink|}}
-===== Using The Joystick Controllers =====
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}} \\
-**USING THE JOYSTICK CONTROLLERS** \\
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}}
-{{:tccom-joystick.png?nolink|Joystick Controller}}
-By using the joystick controllers (Radio Shack Catalog Number 26-3008),
-you enable the Computer to interpret two-dimensional motion such as
-hand movement.  Computer games are the most common application of the
-controllers although they may be used with any operation that requires
-you to “position” input to the Computer.  Drawing diagrams on the
-Video Display is an excellent example of joystick use.
-**Note:** The joysticks function only in programs written specifically for
-their use.
-In terms of connection, the joysticks are interchangeable with each
-other but not with any other accessories on the Computer.  See **Figure 9**.
-{{:tccom-joystick.png?nolink|Joystick Controller}}
-Each joystick is made up of a control stick which gives two-dimensional
-direction to a moving object on the television screen.  There is
-also a “fire when ready” button which must be pressed each time
-you “fire”.
-The specific use of your joystick controllers will depend upon the
-plug-in cartridge or BASIC program you are using at the time.  See the
-instructions which accompany the ROM cartridge.
-**Note:** When you are using COLOR BASIC instead of a plug-in cartridge
-program, a stream of characters will be generated when- ever you press
-the “fire when ready” button.  This is a normal “side effect”
-and can be ignored.
-{{:tccom-footer-bar.png?nolink|}}
-===== Using The Cassette Recorder =====
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}} \\
-**USING THE CASSETTE RECORDER** \\
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}}
-{{:tccom-cassette.png?nolink|Cassette Recorder}}
-TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER’s built-in cassette interface allows you to
-store data and programs with Radio Shack’s CTR-80A cassette recorder.
-(Note: While other recorders can be used, we strongly recommend you
-use Radio Shack's CTR-80A.  Connection and operation will vary with other
-recorders.)
-Connect the recorder to the Computer according to the Con- nection
-of a Cassette Recorder section in this manual; refer to the cassette
-recorder’s Owner’s Manual for further connec- tion instructions.
-Your COLOR COMPUTER transfers programs and data on tape at approximately
-baud.  This is about 190 characters per second or 11,000 characters
-per minute.
-Adjust the volume control on your cassette recorder carefully.  For the
-Radio Shack CTR-80A recorder, the volume contro] should be set between
-and 10.  The recommended setting is 5.
-For any recorder other than the CTR-80A, the volume level may vary.
-See your recorder’s Owner’s Manual for specific details.
-==== Saving a COLOR Program on Tape (CSAVE) ====
-Whenever you want a permanent
-copy (one you won’t have to re-type) of a COLOR BASIC program, simply
-save it on tape with the command CSAVE.
-**Note**: We don’t recommend recording over old programs.  Bulk erase the
-tape first.
-After the program has been typed into the Computer’s memory, you should:
-.  Insert a blank cassette tape into the recorder.
-.  Press the recorder’s PLAY and RECORD buttons at the same
-time until they lock.
-.  Type:
-  CSAVE “file-name”
-where //file-name// is any sequence of eight or fewer characters.
-**Note:** Don’t forget the quotation marks around the file-name.
-, Press **(ENTER)**.
-.  When the program has been saved,
-  OK
-will appear on the television screen and the recorder’s motor will
-automatically shut off.
-It’s a good idea to make more than one copy of a program, preferably
-on separate cassettes, just in case one is lost or inadvertently erased.
-==== Loading a COLOR BASIC Program from Tape (CLOAD) ====
-Be sure the recorder’s volume control is properly adjusted before
-loading a program into your Computer.
-.  Press the PLAY button on the recorder until it locks.
-.  To erase any existing program, type:
-  NEW **(ENTER)**
-.  Type:
-  CLOAD “file-name”
-.  Press **(ENTER)**.
-The Computer will search for and load the program you have indicated.
-While it is searching for the program, the letter “S” will appear
-in the upper left of the television screen.
-When the Computer finds the program, the letter “F” and the file-name
-will appear at the top of the screen.
-.  When the program has been loaded,
-  OK
-will appear on the screen.
-Note: If you are certain your tape has only one program saved on it,
-you can type CLOAD without a file-name since the Computer will load the
-first program it encounters.
-==== Searching for a Program (SKIPF) ====
-If your tape contains more than one program on the same side, the Computer
-can search through the cassette until it finds the program you need if
-you use the SKIPF (“skip until you find”) command.
-.  Rewind tape.
-.  Press PLAY on the recorder until it locks.
-.  Type:
-  SKIPF “file-name”
-, Press (ENTER).
-.  When the Computer has located the program,
-  OK
-will appear on the screen.
-**Note:** If you have forgotten the file-name of a particular program,
-use an improbable file name, as in:
-  SKIPF “X"
-and **(ENTER)**.
-A listing of all program file-names the tape contains will appear on
-the screen.  An error message will be displayed at the end of the tape
-if no matching file is found.
-For more information on CSAVE, CLOAD, and SKIPF, refer to //[[Getting Started with TRS-80 COLOR BASIC]]//.
-==== Loading Errors ====
-There are several possible error
-messages that may appear in the upper left of the television screen when
-a mistake is made during a
-loading operation.  Consult your Radio Shack //[[COLOR BASIC Quick Reference Card]]// for explanations of the error messages.
-You can avoid many problems with tapes by using new, high-quality Radio
-Shack Computer tapes (Catalog Number 26-301) whenever you save a program
-or data.  If it becomes necessary to re-use a tape, you should first
-erase the contents with a bulk tape eraser (Catalog Number 44-210).
-**Note:** If you try loading a blank tape, your TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER
-will search for the program until the tape ends without giving any
-indication the tape is blank.  You will need to press RESET to stop the
-loading process.
-{{:tccom-footer-bar.png?nolink|}}
-===== Troubleshooting And Maintenance =====
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}} \\
-**TROUBLESHOOTING AND MAINTENANCE** \\
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}}
-If you have problems operating your TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER, check the
-following table of symptoms.  Hopefully, you'll find the cure as well.
-If you still can’t remedy the problem, take the unit to your local
-Radio Shack where it will be promptly fixed and returned to you.
-==== Symptom Cure Table ====
-**The OK (or appropriate prompt message if you are using a ROM cartridge)
-doesn’t appear when you turn on the Computer.**
-.  No AC power.  Check the power cord connection.
-.  Incorrect power-up sequence.  All accessories should be ON before
-you turn on the Computer.
-.  Accessory device (e.g., printer) is not.  connected properly.
-Recheck connection.
-.  Your television screen needs adjustment} Check
-the Contrast, Brightness, or fine tuning controls.
-.  Antenna Switch
-should be set to “COMPUTER”, not to “TV”.
-**Poor reception or fuzzy display.**
-.  Make sure the TV is set on the proper channel (3 or 4—whichever
-gives the best display).
-.  Check the antenna connections to be sure’ they are connected both
-securely and properly.
-.  Your television set needs adjustment.  Check the contrast, brightness
-and fine tuning controls.
-**Your cassette program won't load.**
-.  Improper cassette connection.  Check connection instructions in
-cassette Owner's Manual.
-.  Cassette volume is too low or high.  Chec!  the recorder’s volume
-control.
-.  Information on tape may have been gar- bled due to electricity
-discharge, magnetic field, or tape deterioration.  Try to load the
-duplicate copy, if you have one.
-**The Computer “hangs up during normal operation, requiring RESET or Power-off/on.**
-.  Fluctuations in the AC power supply See
-**AC Power Sources**.
-.  Defective or improperly installed  connector.  Check all
-connection cables to see} they are securely attached and that they are
-not frayed or broken.
-.  Programming.  Re-check the program.
-**“Ghosts” or mixed Computer and TV reception.**
-Try using the other TV channel (3 or 4).
-==== AC Power Sources ====
-Computers are sensitive,to fluctuations in the power supply at the
-wall socket.  This is rarely a problem unless you are operating in
-the vicinity of heavy electrical machinery.  The power source may also
-be unstable if some appliance or office machine in the vicinity has a
-defective switch which arcs when turned on or off.
-Your COLOR COMPUTER is equipped with a specially designed, built-in AC
-line filter.  It should eliminate the effects of ordinary power-line
-fluctuations.
-However, if the fluctuations are severe, you may need to take some or
-all of the following steps:
-  * Install bypass or isolation devices in the problem-causing devices
-  * Fix or replace any defective (arcing) switches on lights or appliances.
-  * Install a separate power-line for the Computer
-  * Install a special line filter designed for computers and other sensitive electronic equipment
-Power line problems are rare and many times can be prevented by proper
-choice of installation location.  The more complex the system and the
-more serious the application, the more consideration you should give to
-providing an ideal power source for your Computer.
-==== Maintenance ====
-Your Computer requires little maintenance.  It’s a good
-idea to keep it clean and free of dust build-up.  This is especially
-important for the keyboard.  Radio Shack sells a custom-designed COLOR
-COMPUTER dust cover you may find helpful (26-3006).
-If you need to clean the Computer case, use a damp, lint-free cloth.
-The accessory devices (cassette recorder, line printer, etc.)  may require
-more maintenance.  Check the owner’s manual for each accessory in
-your system.
-==== Color Adjustment Test ====
-For the purpose of adjustment, as well as example,
-the following program will give you a chance to view the available
-spectrum.
-Start COLOR BASIC and type in the program.  Don’t worry about spacing,
-but type everything else exactly as listed below:
-<code>
-NEW (ENTER)
-FOR X = 0 TO 63 (ENTER)
-FOR Y = 0 TO 31 (ENTER)
-C = INT (X/8 + 1) (ENTER)
-SET (X,Y,C) (ENTER)
-NEXT Y,X
-GOTO 30
-</code>
-To check for typing errors, list the program by typing:
-  LIST (ENTER)
-It should look like this:
-<code>
-FOR X = 0 TO 63
-FOR Y = 0 TO 31
-C = INT(X/8 + 1)
-SET (X, Y, C)
-NEXT Y, X
-GOTO 30
-</code>
-If you find any mistakes, simply re-type the line.
-Now type:
-  RUN (ENTER)
-Your television should display eight color-bars (in the order of green,
-yellow, blue, red, buff, cyan, magenta, and orange) on a black background.
-You can now use your television color adjustment control to adjust the
-colors to their proper hue.
-Press **(BREAK)** to stop the program.
-==== Notes on Color ====
-Use the preceding test to adjust your TV for the best possible spread
-of colors.  But remember, the range of adjustment will vary, depending
-on the condition and quality of your TV set.
-==== Video Centering Test ====
-Type in the following to insure your television
-display is centered correctly on the screen.
-<code>
-NEW (ENTER)
-CLS (ENTER)
-FOR X = 0 TO 63 (ENTER)
-Y = 15 (ENTER)
-RESET (X,Y) (ENTER)
-NEXT X (ENTER)
-FOR Y = 0 to 31 (ENTER)
-X = 31 (ENTER)
-RESET (X,Y) (ENTER)
-NEXT Y (ENTER)
-GOTO 55 (ENTER)
-</code>
-To check for typing errors, type:
-  LIST (ENTER)
-It should look like this:
-<code>
-CLS
-FOR X = 0 TO 63
-Y = 15
-RESET(X,Y)
-NEXT X
-FOR Y = 0 to 31
-X = 31
-RESET(X,Y)
-NEXT Y
-GOTO 55
-</code>
-If you find an error, simply re-type the line.
-Next type:
-  RUN (ENTER)
-You should have a green background, surrounded by black, with a horizontal
-and vertical line (both black) intersecting in the exact center of
-the screen.
-You can now adjust your set until the display is centered.
-Press **(BREAK)** to stop the program.
-==== Notes on Video Centering ====
-The COLOR COMPUTER generates a rectangular image designed to fill most of
-your TV’s screen.  Use the horizontal- and vertical-centering controls
-on your TV set to center this image as much as possible.
-Don’t worry if you can’t get a perfectly centered image, or if
-you notice a slight distortion in certain areas of your TV screen.
-These minor variations depend on the condition of your TV set.  (If they
-are severe, you should consult a qualified TV service technician.)
-==== Sound Demonstration ====
-The following program will output the entire frequency range (codes 0-255)
-COLOR BASIC can produce.
-<code>
-NEW (ENTER)
-FOR X = 1 TO 255 (ENTER)
-SOUND X,1 (ENTER)
-NEXT X (ENTER)
-</code>
-To check for typing errors, type:
-  LIST (ENTER)
-It should look like this:
-<code>
-FOR X = 1 TO 255
-SOUND X, 1
-NEXT X
-</code>
-If you find any errors, simply re-type the line.
-Set your television volume to a normal level, and type:
-  RUN (ENTER)
-{{:tccom-footer-bar.png?nolink|}}
-===== Specifications =====
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}} \\
-**SPECIFICATIONS** \\
-{{:tccom-header-bar.png?nolink|}}
-==== AC Power Supply ====
-Power Requirements 105-130 VAC, 60 Hz \\
-Current Drain 0.18 Amps RMS
-==== Microprocessor ====
-Type 6809E \\
-Clock Rate  0.895 MHz
-==== Serial Interface ====
-^ Standard RS-232-C Signal ^ Pin #$ ^
-| CD Carrier Detect (Status Input Line) | 1 |
-| RD Receive Data | 2 |
-| GROUND Zero Voltage Reference | 3 |
-| TD Transmit Data Out | 4 |
-==== RS-232 Pin Location ====
-Looking from the outside at the RS-232-C jack on
-the COLOR COMPUTER.
-{{:tccom-rs232-pinout.png?nolink|RS-232 Pin Location}}
-==== Printer Software Requirements ====
-Baud \\
-Start Bit (logical zero) \\
-Data Bits (LSB first) \\
-Stop Bits (logical one) \\
-No Parity \\
--Column Printer Width \\
-Automatic Carriage Return at End of Line
-==== Cassette Interface ====
-Suggested Input Level for Playback from Recorder 1 to 5 Volts peak-to-peak ata minimum impedance of 220 Ohms \\
-Typical Computer Output Level to Recorder 800 mV peak-to-peak at 1 K Ohms \\
-Remote On/Off Switching Capability 0.5 A maximum at 6 VDC
-Cassette Jack Pin Location
-Looking at the outside of the jack on the Computer
-{{:tccom-cassette-pinout.png?nolink|Cassette Pinout}}
-  - Remote Control
-  - Signal Ground
-  - Remote Control
-  - Input from Recorder’s EARphone Jack
-  - Output to Recorder’s AUX or MIC Jack
-==== Joystick Controller Jack Pin Location ====
-Looking at the outside of the jack
-on the computer.
-{{:tccom-joystick-pinout.png?nolink|Joystick Pinout}}
-  - Comparator Input (Right-Left)
-  - Comparator Input (Up-Down)
-  - Ground
-  - “Fire” button, High when open, Low when closed.
-  - Vcc, current-limited +5VDC
-{{:tccom-footer-bar.png?nolink|}}
-===== Customer Information =====
-**CUSTOMER INFORMATION**
-==== Service Policy ====
-Radio Shack’s nationwide network of service facilities
-provides quick, convenient, and reliable repair services for all of
-its computer products, in most instances.  Warranty service will be
-performed in accordance with Radio Shack’s Limited Warranty.  Non-
-warranty service will be provided at reasonable parts and labor costs.
-Because of the sensitivity of computer equipment, and the problems which
-can result from improper servicing, the following limitations also
-apply to the services offered by Radio Shack:
-. If any of the warranty seals on any Radio Shack computer products are
-broken, Radio Shack reserves the right to refuse to service the equipment
-or to void any remaining warranty on the equipment.
-. If any Radio Shack computer equipment has been modified so that it
-is not within manufacturer’s specifications, including, but not
-limited to, the installation of any non-Radio Shack parts, components,
-or replacement boards, then Radio Shack reserves the right to refuse to
-service the equipment, void any remaining warranty, remove and replace
-any non-Radio Shack part found in the equipment, and perform whatever
-modifications are necessary to return the equipment to original factory
-manufacturer’s specifications.
-.  The cost for the labor and parts required to return the Radio Shack
-computer equipment to original manufacturer’s specifications will
-be charged to the customer in addition to the normal repair charge.
-==== Radio Shack Software License ====
-A.  Radio Shack grants to CUSTOMER a non-exclusive, paid up license to
-use on CUSTOMER’S computer the Radio Shack
-computer software received.  Title to the media on which the software
-is recorded (cassette and/or disk) or stored (ROM) is transferred to
-the CUSTOMER, but not title to the software.
-B. In consideration for this license, CUSTOMER shall not reproduce copies
-of Radio Shack software except to reproduce the number of copies required
-for use on CUSTOMER’S computer (if the software allows a backup copy
-to be made), and shall include Radio Shack’s copyright notice on all
-copies of software reproduced in whole or in part.
-C.  CUSTOMER may resell Radio Shack’s system and applications software
-(modified or not, in whole or in part), provided CUSTOMER has purchased
-one copy of the software for each one resold.  The provisions of
-this Software License (paragraphs A, B, and C) shall also be applicable
-to third parties purchasing such software from CUSTOMER.
-==== Important Note ====
-**All Radio Shack computer programs are licensed on an
-“as is” basis without warranty.**
-Radio Shack shall have no liability or responsibility to customer
-or any other person or entity with respect to any liability, loss or
-damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by computer
-equipment or programs sold by Radio Shack, including but not limited to
-any interruption of service, loss of business or anticipatory profits
-or consequential damages resulting from the use or operation of such
-computer or computer programs.
-Good data processing procedure dictates that the user test the program,
-run and test sample sets of data, and run the system in parallel with
-the system previously in use for a period of time adequate to insure
-that results of operation of the computer or program are satisfactory.
-===== Limited Warranty =====
-**LIMITED WARRANTY**
-For a period of 90 days from the date of delivery, Radio Shack warrants
-to the original purchaser that the computer hardware unit shall be free
-from manufacturing defects.  This warranty is only applicable to the
-original purchaser who purchased the unit from Radio Shack company-owned
-retail outlets or duly authorized Radio Shack franchisees and dealers.
-This warranty is voided if the unit is sold or transferred by purchaser
-to a third party.  This warranty shall be void if this unit's case
-or cabinet is opened, if the unit has been subjected to improper or
-abnormal use, or if the unit is altered or modified.  If a defect occurs
-during the warranty period, the unit must be returned to a Radio Shack
-store, franchisee, or dealer for repair, along with the sales ticket or
-lease agreement.  Purchaser's sole and exclusive remedy in the event
-of defect is limited to the correction of the defect by adjustment,
-repair, replacement, or complete refund at Radio Shack’s election and
-sole expense.  Radio Shack shall have no obligation to replace or repair
-expendable items.
-Any statements made by Radio Shack and its employees, including but
-not limited to, statements regarding capacity, suitability for use, or
-performance of the unit shall not be deemed a warranty or representation
-by Radio Shack for any purpose, nor give rise to any liability or
-obligation of Radio Shack.
-EXCEPT AS SPECIFICALLY PROVIDED IN THIS WARRANTY OR IN THE RADIO
-SHACK COMPUTER SALES AGREEMENT, THERE ARE NO OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS
-OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
-MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
-RADIO SHACK BE LIABLE FOR LOSS OF PROFITS OR BENEFITS, INDIRECT, SPECIAL,
-CONSEQUENTIAL OR OTHER SIMILAR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF ANY BREACH OF THIS
-WARRANTY OR OTHERWISE.
--80
-===== Index =====
-**INDEX**((Omitted because printed page numbers do not apply to a web page. Please use your browser's search within page function))
-===== Back Cover =====
-{{:tccom-033.png?nolink|Back Cover}}
-8749164
-~~DISCUSSION~~

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